МІЖПОКОЛІННЕ ПЕРЕДАВАННЯ ТРАВМИ В ХОРВАТІЇ: РЕЛЯЦІЙНИЙ ГНІВ ТА ПРОВИНА В ДІТЕЙ ВЕТЕРАНІВ БОЙОВИХ ДІЙ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/upj/2023-1-7Ключові слова:
травма, між поколіннями, дитина, ветеран, ХорватіяАнотація
У цьому дослідженні було вивчено міжпоколінне передавання травми від хорватських ветеранів війни їхнім дітям, які народилися після війни. Це було зроблено шляхом вимірювання частоти гніву та провини в стосунках, висловлених дітьми хорватських ветеранів війни в структурованих інтерв’ю. Дітям було проведено демографічне анкетування; застосовано Перелік симптомів травми для дітей (TSCC) та структуроване інтерв’ю «Реляційно-подієва парадигма» (RAP). Порівняння дітей із високим і низьким впливом батьківської бойової травми було спершу визначено вузько через статус ветерана в батька – колишній військовополонений чи не колишній військовополонений. Результати не підтвердили гіпотезу про те, що більший вплив війни на батьків буде пов’язаним із тим, що діти частіше виявлятимуть гнів і почуття провини в стосунках. Тоді було розроблено альтернативний і більш комплексний метод вимірювання батьківської травми, який поєднував самооцінку досвіду війни та поточне почуття безпеки обома батьками. Це ширше вимірювання травми виявило, що діти, які виражали більше гніву та провини в стосунках, мали батьків із вищим рівнем впливу воєнної травми. Результати свідчать про важливість комплексного оцінювання впливу травми на батьків – обох батьків за допомогою вимірюваних, а не категоріальних показників впливу травми – для того, щоб краще ідентифікувати дітей, які можуть боротися зі складними, хоча й субклінічними посттравматичними емоціями, такими як гнів і провина. Клінічні результати дослідження полягають у тому, що клініцисти можуть допомогти дітям ветеранів подолати потенційно недостатню обізнаність і обмежувальні стратегії подолання, які вони, можливо, розробили у відповідь на травму батьків. Терапевти можуть допомогти дітям дослідити поєднання цікавості та тривоги, які вони можуть відчувати щодо минулого травматичного досвіду своїх батьків, а також посттравматичний світогляд і стилі міжособистісного спілкування, які вони, можливо, засвоїли від своїх батьків. Українською мовою текст переклала Катерина Баган.
Посилання
Albini, C., Pokorny, D., Blaser, G., Grüninger, S., König, S., Marschke, F., Geissler, I., Koerner, A., Geyer, M., & Kächele, H. (2002). Reformulation of the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT) categories: The CCRT-LU category system. Psychotherapy Research, 12(3), 319–338.
Albani, C., Pokorny, D., Blaser, G., & Kächele, H. (2008). Beziehungsmuster und beziehungskonflikte: Thoerie, klinik und forschung [Relationship patterns and relationship conflicts: Theory, clinical, research]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
American Psychiatric Association (1980). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Ancharoff, M.R., Munroe, J.F., & Fisher, L.M. (1998). The legacy of combat trauma: Clinical implications of intergenerational transmission. In Y. Danieli (Ed.) International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma, 257–276. New York: Plenum.
Aničić, L., Butigan, S., Kusik, H. Radošević M., & Kadić, S. (2013, October 23). Suicid branitelja u najboljim godinama bit će sve vise [There will be even more suicides of veterans in their best years]. Glas Slavonije [The Voice of Slavonia]. Retrieved January 8, 2015, from source. Auerhahn, N.C., & Laud, D. (1998). Intergenerational memories of the Holocaust. In Y. Danieli (Ed.) International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma, 21–42. New York: Plenum Press.
Bar-On, D. (1995). Fear and hope: Three generations of five Israeli families of Holocaust survivors. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Bar-On, D., Eland, J., Kleber, R.J., Krell, R., Moore, Y., Sagi, A., Soriano, E., Suedfeld, P., van der Velden, P.G., & van Ijzendoorn, M.H. (1998). Multigenerational perspectives on coping with the Holocaust experience: An attachment perspective for understanding the developmental sequelae of trauma across generations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 22, 315–338.
Baranowsky, A., Young, M., Johnson-Douglas, S., Williams-Keeler, L., McCarrey, M. (1998). PTSD transmission: A review of secondary traumatization in Holocaust survivor families. Canadian Psychology, 39(4), 247–256.
Batten, S.V., Drapalski, A.L., Decker, M., DeViva, J.C., Morris, L.J., Mann, M.A., & Dixon, L.B. (2009). Veteran interest in family involvement in PTSD treatment. Psychological Services, 6(3), 184–189.
Begić, D., & Jokić-Begić, N. (2007). Heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Croatian war veterans: Retrospective study. Croatian Medical Journal, 48, 133–139.
Bernstein, M.M. (1998). Conflicts in Adjustment: World War II Prisoners of War and Their Families. In Y. Danieli (Ed.) International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma, 119–124. New York: Plenum Press.
Bobanović, M. (2012, September 9). Ne mogu se svi suicide branitelja povezati s PTSP-om, mnogi su povezani s nepravom u društvu [Not all veterans’ suicides are related to PTSD, many are related to injustices in society]. Dnevno.hr. Retreived from: http://www.dnevno.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/ne-mogu-se-svi-suicidi-branitelja-povezivati-s-ptsp-om-mnogi-su-povezani-s-nepravdom-u-drustvu-66017
Boberiene, L.V., & Hornback, B.J. (2014). How can policy strengthen community support for children in military families? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(5), 439–446.
Boričević Maršanić, V., Aukst Margetić, B., Jukić, V., Matko, V., & Grgić, V. (2014a). Self-reported emotional and behavioral symptoms, parent-adolescent bonding and family functioning in clinically referred adolescent offspring of Croatian PTSD war veterans. European Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(5), 295–306.
Boričević Maršanić, V., Aukst Margetić, B., Ozanic Bulic, S., Duretic, I., Kneiwald, H., Jukić, T., & Paradžik, L. (2014b). Non-suicidal self-injury among psychiatric outpatient adolescent offspring of Croatian posttraumatic stress disorder male war veterans: Prevalence and psychosocial correlates. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, e-published July 9. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25008331
Boričević Maršanić, V., Margetić, B. A., Zečević, I., Herceg, M. (2014c). The prevalence and psychosocial correlates of suicide attempts among inpatient adolescent offspring of Croatian PTSD male war veterans. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 45(5), 577–587.
Boričević Maršanić, V., Paradžik, L., Kapapetrić Bolfan, L., Zečević, I., & Grgić, V. (2014d). Sekundarna traumatizacija djece veteran oboljeljih of posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja [Secondary traumatization of offspring of war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder]. Socijalna Psihijatrija, 42, 155–161.
Boulanger, G. (1985). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: An Old Problem with a New Name. In S.M. Sonnenberg, A.S. Blanck, & J.A. Talbott (Eds.), The trauma of war: Stress and recovery in Vietnam veterans, 14–29. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Bradarić, B. (2014). Bivši logoraši ne dočekaju starost [Former POWs don’t survive until old age]. Aljazeera Balkans. Retrieved from: http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/bivsi-logorasi-ne-docekaju-starost
Brenner, L.A., Betthauser, L.M., Bahraini, N., Lusk, J.L., Terrio, H., Scher, A.I., & Schwab, K.A. (2015, July 6). Soldiers returning from deployment: A qualitative study regarding exposure, coping, and reintegration. Rehabilitation Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rep0000048
Brewin, C. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Malady or myth. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Briere, J. (1996). Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) professional manual. Odesa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Briere, J., & Elliot, D.M. (1997). Psychological assessment and relational victimization effects in adults and children. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 34(4), 353–364.
Briere, J., Klatman S., & Green, B.L. (2008). Accumulated childhood trauma and symptoms complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 223–226.
Britvić, D., Radelić, N., & Urlić, I. (2006). Long-term dynamic-oriented group psychotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder in war veterans: Prospective study of five-year treatment. Croatian Medical Journal, 47, 76–84.
Bryant, A.B., & Harvey, A.G. (2000). Acute Stress Disorder: A Handbook of Theory, Assessment and Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Caselli, L.T., & Motta, R.W. (1995). The effect of PTSD and combat level on Vietnam veterans’ perceptions of child behavior and marital adjustment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(1), 4–12.
Cohen, E., Zerach, G., & Solomon, Z. (2011). The implications of combat-induced stress reaction, PTSD, and attachment in parenting among war veterans. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(5), 688–698.
Creech, S.K., Hadley W., & Borsari, B. (2014). The Impact of Military Deployent and Reintegration on Children and Parenting. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 45(6), 452–464.
Danieli, Y. (1998a). International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma. New York: Plenum Press.
Danieli, Y. (1998b). Introduction: History and conceptual foundations. In Y. Danieli (Ed.), International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma, 1–20. New York: Plenum Press.
Danieli, Y. (1998c). Conclusion and future directions. In Y. Danieli (Ed.). International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma, 669–690. New York: Plenum Press.
Danieli, Y. (2007). Assessing trauma across cultures from a multigenerational perspective. In J.P. Wilson & C.S. Tang (Eds.). Crosscultural Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD, 65–88. New York: Springer.
Davidson, J., Smith, R., Kudler, T.K. (1989). Validity and reliability of the DSM-III criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder: Experience with a structured interview. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 177(5), 336–441.
Dekel, R. (2007). Posttraumatic distress and growth among wives of prisoners of war: The contribution of husband’s posttraumatic stress disorder and wives’ own attachment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(3), 419–426.
Dekel, R., & Goldblatt, H. (2008). Is there inter-generational transmission of trauma? The case of combat veteran’s children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78(3), 281–289.
Dekel, R., & Solomon, Z. (2006a). Marital relations among former prisoners of war: Contributions of posttraumatic stress disorder, aggression, and sexual satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(4), 709–712.
Dekel, R., & Solomon, Z. (2006b). Secondary traumatization among wives of Israeli POWs: the role of POWs’ distress. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 27–33.
Elin-Dor, T., Doron, G., Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. (2010). Together in pain: Attachment-related dyadic processes and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(3), 317–327.
Felson, I. (1998). Trans-generational transmission of effects of the Holocaust: The North American research perspective. In Y. Danieli (Ed.), International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma, 43–68. New York: Plenum Press.
Field, N.P., Muong, S., & Sochanvimean, V. (2013). Parental style in the intergenerational transmission of trauma stemming from the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83(4), 83–94.
Figley, C.R. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. New York: Brunner-Mazel.
Frančišković, T., Stevanović, A., Lelušić, I., Roganović, B., Klarić, M., & Grković, J. (2008). Secondary traumatization of wives of war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Croatian Medical Journal, 49, 177–184.
Franić, T., Dodig, G., Kardum, G., Marčinko, D., Ujević, A., Bilušić, M. (2011). Early adolescence and suicide in Croatia: Sociodemographic, behavioral, and psychometric correlates. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 32(6), 334–345.
Franić, T., Kardum, G., Marin Prižmić, I., Pavletić, N., & Marčinko, D. (2012). Parental involvement in the war in Croatia 1991–1995 and suicidality in Croatian male adolescents. Croatian Medical Journal, 53, 244–253.
Gewirtz, A., Forgatch, M., & Wieling, E. (2008). Parenting practices as potential mechanisms for child adjustment following mass trauma. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34(2), 177–192.
Johnson, D.R., Fontana, A., Lubin, H., Corn, B., & Rosenheck, R. (2004). Long-term course of treatment-seeking Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Mortality, clinical condition and life satisfaction. Journal of Mental & Nervous Diseases, 192(1), 35–41.
Jones, L., Rrutemi, A., Shahini, M., & Uka, A. (2003). Mental health services for war-affected children: Report of survey in Kosovo. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183(6), 540–546.
Jucovy, M.E. (1992). Psychoanalytic contributions to Holocaust studies. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 73, 267–282.
Jurich, A.P. (1983). The Saigon of the family’s mind: Family therapy with families of Vietnam veterans. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9(4), 355–363.
Kashdan, T.B., Morina, N., & Priebe, S. (2009). Post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and depression in survivors of the Kosovo War: Experiential avoidance as a contributor to distress and quality of life. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(2), 185–196.
Kaštelan, A. (2012). Psihičke smetnje djece iz obitelji veterana oboljeljih od posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja [Psychiatric disturbance in children in families of war veterans suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder] (Doctoral dissertation). Hrvatska Znanstvena Bibliografija [Croatian Academic Bibliography]. Retrieved from: https://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&rad=587679
Kaštelan, A., Frančišković, T., Moro, L., Roncević-Grzeta, I., Grković, J., Jurčan, V., Lesica, T., Graovac, M., & Girotta, I., (2007). Psychotic symptoms in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Military Medicine, 172(3), 273–277.
Keane, T., Fairbank, J., Caddell, J., Zimering, R., Taylor, K., & Mora, C. (1989). Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. Psychological Assessment, 1, 53–55.
Kellermann, N. (2001). Transmission of Holocaust trauma: An integrative review. Psychiatry, 64(3), 256–267.
Kidron, C.A. (2009). Toward an ethnography of silence: The lived presence of the past in the everyday life of Holocaust trauma survivors and their descendants in Israel. Current Anthropology, 50(1), 5–27.
Klain, E. (1998). Intergenerational aspects of the conflict in the former Yugoslavia. In Y. Danieli (Ed.). International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma, 279–296. New York: Plenum Press.
Klain, E., & Pavić, L (2002). Psychotrauma and reconciliation. Croatian Medical Journal, 42, 126–137.
Klarić, M., Frančišković, T., Klarić, B., Kvesić, A., Kaštelan, A., Graovac, M., & Lisica, I.D. (2008). Psychological problems in children of war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder in Bosnia: A cross sectional study. Croatian Medical Journal, 49, 491–508.
Klarić, M., Frančišković, T., & Salčin Satriano, A. (2010). Family and psychotrauma. Medicina Fluminensis, 46(3), 309–317.
Klein, H. (1980). The survivor’s search of meaning and identity. Proceedings of the Fourth Yad Vashem International Historical Conference: The Nazi Concentration Camps, 543–553. Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Vashem.
Klonoff, H., McDougall, G., Clark, C., Kramer, P., & Horgan, J. (1976). The neuropsychological, psychiatric and physical effects of prolongued and severe stress: 30 years later. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 163, 246–252.
Kluznick, J.C., Speed, N., VanValkenburg, C., & Magraw, R. (1986). Forty-year follow-up of United States prisoners of war. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1443–1446.
Koić, E., Frančišković, T., Mužininić-Masle, L., Đorđević, V., Vondraček, S., & Prpić, J. (2002). Chronic pain and secondary traumatization in wives of Croatian war veterans treated for traumatic stress disorder. Acta Clinica Croatica, 41, 295–306.
Kozarić-Kovačić, D., Marušić, A., & Ljubin, T. (1999). Combat-experienced soldiers and tortured prisoners of war differ in clinical presentation of post-traumatic stress disorder. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 11–15.
Krile, D. (2014, November 16). Polovina Hrvata sumnja u drugu polovicu [Half of Croatian are suspicious of the other half]. Slobodna Dalmacija. Retrieved from: http://slobodnadalmacija.hr/Hrvatska/tabid/66/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/264534/Default.aspx
Kulka, R.A., Schlenger, W.E., Fairbank, J.A., Hough, R.L., Jordan, B.K., Marmar, C.R., Weiss, D.S. (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation: Report of Findings From the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner Mazel.
Leiner, B. (2009). The legacy of war: An intergenerational perspective. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 79, 375–391.
Lifton, R.J. (2001). Legacy of trauma and loss. In J.D. Lindy & R.J. Lifton (Eds.). Beyond invisible walls: The psychological legacy of Soviet trauma; East European therapists and Their patients, 13–32. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Lipton, M.I. (1994). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Additional Perspectives. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.
Luborsky, L. (1998). The Relationship Anecdotes Paradigm (RAP) interview as a versatile source of narratives. In Luborsky, L., Crits-Christof, Р. (Eds.). Understanding transference: The Core Conflictual Relationship Theme method (2nd ed.), 233–251. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Luborsky, L., & Crits-Christof, P. (1998). Understanding transference: The Core Conflictual Relationship Theme method. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Luborsky, L., & Diguer, L. (1998). The reliability of the CCRT measure: Results from eight samples. In Luborsky, L., Crits-ChristofЮ Р. (Eds.). Understanding transference: The Core Conflictual Relationship Theme method (2nd ed.), 97–108. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Luborsky, L., Diguer, L., Schmidt, K., Dengler, D., Faude, J., Morris, M., Schaffler, P., Buchsbaum, H., & Emde, R. (1998). Stability of the CCRT from age 3 to 5. In Luborsky, L., Crits-Christof, Р. (Eds.) Understanding transference: The Core Conflictual Relationship Theme method (2nd ed.), 233–251. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Luborsky, L., & Barrett, M.S. (2007). The Core Confictual Relationship Theme: A basic case formulation method. In T.D. Eels (Ed.) Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation, 105–135). New York: Guilford Press.
Lupis, A.A. (2011). Intergenerational transmission of trauma in Croatia: Veteran’s families 20 years after the siege of Vukovar. Washington, DC: IREX.
MacDermaid Wadesworth, S. (2013). Understanding and supporting the resilience of a new generation of combat-exposed military families and their children. Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 16, 415–420.
Matejčić, B., & Kosanović, Z. (2011, January 27). Vukovar Croats were tortured in Niš, Serbia. Balkan Insight: Investigation. Retreived from: http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/revealed-vukovar-croats-were-tortured-in-nis-serbia
McFarlane, A.C. (2010). The long-term cost of traumatic stress: Intertwined physical and psychological consequences. World Psychiatry, 9(1), 3–10.
Miller, M.W., Greif, J.L., & Smith, A.A. (2003). Multidimensional personality questionnaire profiles of veterans with traumatic combat exposure: Externalizing and internalizing subtypes. Psychological Assessment, 15(2), 205–215.
Morina, N., & Ford, J.D. (2008). Complex sequelae of psychological trauma qmong Kosovar civilian war victims. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 54(5), 425–436.
Motta, R.W., Joseph, J.M., Rose, R.D., Suozzi, J.M., & Leiderman, L.J. (1997). Secondary trauma: Assessing intergenerational transmission of war experiences with a modified Stroop procedure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(8), 895–903.
Munroe, J., Shay, J., Fisher, L., Zimering, R., & Ancharoff, M. (1993). Preventing traumatized therapists: Coping with survivor engagement patterns. Workshop conducted at the 9th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Traumatic Stress, San Antonio, TX.
Nader, K. (2007). Culture and the assessment of trauma in youths. In J.P. Wilson & C.S. Tang (Eds.). Cross-cultural Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD, 169–196. New York: Springer.
Nadler, A., Kav-Vaneki, S., & Gleitman, B. (1985). Trans-generational effects of the Holocaust: Externalization of aggression in second generation of holocaust survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 365–369.
Nash, W.P., & Litz, B.T. (2013). Moral injury: A mechanism for war-related psychological trauma in military family members. Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 16(4), 365–375.
Obrenović, M. (2012, February 27). U godinu dana više od 3,500 oboljelih od PTSP-a [In over a year 3,500 new patients with PTSD]. Tportal.hr. Retreived from: http://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/178918/U-godinu-dana-vise-od-3-500-oboljelih-od-PTSP-a.html
Okazaki, S., & Sue, S. (2003). Methodological issues in assessment research with ethnic minorities. In A.E. Kazdin (Ed.), Methodological Issues & Strategies in Clinical Research, 349–368. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Okey, J.L., McWhirter, J.J., & Delaney, M.K. (2000). The Central Relationship Pattern of male veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: A descriptive study. Psychotherapy, 37(2), 171–179.
Paulson, D.S., & Krippner, S. (2007). Haunted by combat: Understanding PTSD in war veterans. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Pemberton, J.R., Kramer, T.L., Borrego, J., & Owen, R.R. (2013). Kids at the VA? A call for evidence-based parenting interventions for returning veterans. Psychological Services, 10(2), 194–202.
Peterson, K.C., Prout, M.F., & Schwarz, R.A. (1991). Post-traumatic stress disorder: A clinician’s guide. New York: Plenum Press.
Price, J.L., & Stevens, S.P. (2014). Partners of veterans with PTSD: The research findings. National Center for PTSD, e-published January 3, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treatment/family/partners_of_vets_research_findings.asp
Priebe, S., Matanov, A., Janković Gavrilović, J., McCrone, P., Ljubotina, D. Knežević, G., Kučukalić, A., Frančišković, T., & Schützwohl, M. (2009). Consequences of untreated posttraumatic stress disorder in former Yugoslavia following war: Morbidity, Subjective Quality of Life and Care Costs. Croatian Medical Journal, 50(5), 465–475.
Priebe, S., Bogić, M., Ajduković, D., Frančišković, T., Galeazzi, G.M., Kučukalić, A., Lečić-Tosevski, D., Morina, N., Popovski, M., Wang, D., & Schützwohl, M. (2010). Mental disorders following war in the Balkans: A study in 5 countries. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(5), 518.
Ray, S.L., & Vanstone, M. (2009). The impact of PTSD on veterans’ family relationships: An interpretive phenomenological inquiry. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(6), 838–847.
Rehak, D. (2000). The roads of hell: Through Serbian concentration camps in 1991…and into the 21st century. Zagreb: HDLSKL.
Rieck, M. (1994). The psychological state of Holocaust survivor’s offspring: An epidemiological and psycho-diagnostic study. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 17, 649–667.
Rosenheck, R., & Fontana, A. (1998). Trans-generational effects of abusive violence on the children of Vietnam combat veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(4), 731–741.
Rosenheck, R., & Nathan, P. (1985). Secondary traumatization in the children of Vietnam veterans w post-traumatic stress disorder. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 36, 538–539.
Ruscio, A.M., Weathers, F.W., King, L.A., King, D.W. (2002). Male war veterans’ perceived relationships with their children: The importance of emotional numbing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(5), 351–357.
Sagi, A., Grossman, K.E., Joels, T., Scharf, M., & Van IJzendoorn, M.H. (1999, April). The Holocaust child survivor study: Attachment across generations, Part 1: some theoretical and methodological considerations. Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meeting, Albuquerque, NM.
Sarajlić Vuković, I., Borisević Maršanić, V., Aukst Margetić, B., Paradžik, L., Vidović, D., & Buljan Flander, G. (2015). Self-reported emotional and behavioral problems, family functioning and parental bonding among psychiatric outpatient adolescent offspring of Croatian male veterans with partial PTSD. Child & Youth Care Forum, e-published 2015 January 15. Retrieved from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10566-015-9299-9
Schick, M., Morina, N., Klaghofer, R., Schnyder, U., & Muller, J. (2013). Trauma, mental health, and intergenerational associations in Kosovar families 11 years after the war. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4, 1–10.
Schwerdtfeger, K.I., Larzelere, R.E., Werner, D., Peters, C., & Oliver, M. (2013). Intergenerational transmission of trauma: The mediating role of parenting style on toddlers’ DSM-related symptoms. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 22, 211–229.
Shalev, R., & Ben-Asher, S. (2011). Ambiguous Loss: The long-term effects of the children of POWs. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16, 511–528.
Solkoff, N. (1992). Children of Survivors of the Nazi Holocaust: A Critical Review of the Literature. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62(3), 342–358.
Solomon, Z. (1998). Trans-generational effects of the Holocaust: The Israeli research perspective. Published in Y. Danieli (Ed.). International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma, 85–96. New York: Plenum Press.
Solomon, Z., & Dekel, R. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among Israeli ex-POWs. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(3), 303–312.
Solomon, Z., & Mikulincer, M. (2007). Posttraumatic intrusion, avoidance, and social functioning: A 20-year longitudinal study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(2), 316–324.
Solomon, Z., Dekel, R., & Zerach, G. (2008). The relationships between posttraumatic stress symptom clusters and marital intimacy among war veterans. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(5), 659–666.
Solomon, Z., Dekel, R., Zerach, G., & Horesh, D. (2009). Differentiation of the self and posttraumatic symptomatology among ex-POWs and their wives. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 35(1), 60–73.
Stevanović, A., Kuterovac Jagodić, G., & Frančišković, T. (2012). Sekundarna traumatizacija supruga veteran oboljelih od posttraumatskog stresnog poromećaja [Secondary traumatization of wives of veterans suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder]. (Unpublished conference paper). Mental Health Europe. Retrieved from: http://old.mhe-sme.org/assets/files/MHE%20Conference%202012/stefanovic.pdf
Suozzi, J.M., & Motta, R.W. (2004). The relationship between combat exposure and the transference of trauma-like symptoms to offspring of veterans. Traumatology, 10(1), 17–37.
Sutker, P.B., & Allain, A.N. (1996). Assessment of PTSD and other mental disorders in World War II and Korean conflict POW survivors and combat veterans. Psychological Assessment, 8(1), 18–25.
Sutker, P.B., Winstead, D.K., Galina, Z.H., & Allain, A.N. (1990). Assessment of long-term psychosocial sequelae among POW survivors of the Korean conflict. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54(1/2), 170–180.
Tomčić, L. (2012, December 26). Lažnog branitelja, baš kao i pljačkaša, prijavite policiji [False veterans, just like with robbers, report them to the police]. Glas Slavonije [The Voice of Slavonia]. Retrieved from: http://www.glas-slavonije.hr/185402/1/Laznog-branitelja-bas-kao-i-pljackasa-prijavite-policiji
Van de Vijver, F. & Leung, K. (1997). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. London: Sage.
Van der Kolk, B.A., Roth, S., Pelcovitz, D., Sunday, S., & Spinazzola, J. (2005). Disorders of extreme stress: The empricial foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 389–399.
VandenBos, G.R. (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Waldinger, R.J., Diguer, L., Guastella, F., Lefebvre, R., Allen, J.P., Luborsky, L., & Hauser, S.T. (2002). The Same old song: Stability and change in relationship schemas from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(1), 17–29.
Wilcox, S. (2010). Social relationships and PTSD symptomatology in combat veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 2(3), 175–182.
Wilson, J.P., & So-Kum Tang, C. (2007). Cross-cultural assessment of psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: Springer.
Wiseman, H. (2008). On failed intersubjectivity: Recollections of loneliness experiences in offpsring of Holocaust survivors. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78(3), 350–358.
Wiseman, H., Barber, J.P., Raz, A., Yam, I., Foltz, C., & Livne-Snir, S. (2002). Parental communication of Holocaust experiences and relational patterns of offspring of Holocaust survivors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 371–381.
Wiseman, H., & Barber, J. (2004). The core conflictual relationship theme approach to relational narratives: Relational themes in the context of intergenerational communication of trauma. In A. Lieblich, D. P. McAddams, & R. Josselson (Eds.). Healing plots: The narrative basis of psychotherapy, 151–170. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Wiseman, H., Metzl, E., & Barber, J. (2006). Anger, guilt, and intergenerational communication of trauma in the relational narratives of second-generation Holocaust survivors. American Journal of Orthopsychatry, 76(2), 176–184.
Wiseman, H., & Barber, J. (2008). Echoes of trauma: Relational themes and emotions in children of Holocaust survivors. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Zeiss, R.A., & Dickman, H.R. (1989). PTSD 40 years later: Incidence and person-situation correlates in former POWs. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(1), 80–87.
Zerach, G. (2015a). Secondary traumatization among ex-POWs’ adult children: The mediating role of differentiation of the self. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice & Policy, 7(2), 187–194.
Zerach, G. (2014). Secondary growth among former prisoners of war’s adult children: The result of exposure to stress, secondary traumatization, or personality traits? Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice & Policy, 7(4), 313–323.
Zerach, G., Greene, T., Elin-Dor, T., & Solomon, Z. (2012). The relationship between pottraumatic stress disorder symptoms and paternal parenting of adult children among ex-prisoners of war: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(2), 274–284.
